# With what you have URL: https://lastcodex.org/en/materials/ Tick the raw materials you can find. The inventions you could make appear below, taking into account the materials needed for all their prerequisites. - wood: Wood - bamboo: Bamboo - gourd: Gourd - birch-bark: Birch bark - plant-gum: Plant gum (gum arabic) - papyrus-stalks: Papyrus stalks - plant-fibre: Plant fibre - living-plant-material: Living plant material - grain: Grain - legume-seed: Legume seed - soybeans: Soybeans - olives: Olives - coffee-cherries: Coffee cherries - cacao-beans: Cacao beans - grapes: Grapes - sugar-cane: Sugar cane - tea-leaves: Tea leaves - wood-ash: Wood ash - oil: Plant oil - latex: Rubber latex - flax: Flax - mulberry-leaves: Mulberry leaves - aromatic-plants: Fragrant flowers and aromatic plants - stone: Stone - flint: Flint - clay: Clay - ochre: Ochre and earth pigments - sand: Sand - limestone: Limestone - gypsum: Gypsum - volcanic-ash: Volcanic ash - salt: Salt - iron-ore: Iron ore - copper-ore: Copper ore - tin-ore: Tin ore - zinc-ore: Zinc ore - lead-ore: Lead ore - silver-ore: Silver ore - cinnabar: Cinnabar (mercury ore) - electrum: Electrum - bauxite: Bauxite - lodestone: Lodestone - sulfur: Sulfur - fluorite: Fluorite - borax: Borax - phosphate-rock: Phosphate rock - potash: Potash (sylvite) - graphite: Graphite - coal: Coal - petroleum: Petroleum - germanium: Germanium - bone-antler: Bone and antler - animal-hair: Animal hair and bristle - feathers: Feathers - fat: Animal fat - milk: Milk - eggs: Eggs - livestock: Livestock - shellfish: Wild shellfish - silkworms: Silkworms - honeybees: Honeybees - water: Water - [Control of Fire](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/control-of-fire/index.html.md): Light, heat and cooked food (1 million years ago) Wood - [Writing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/writing/index.html.md): Knowledge that outlives memory (c. 3,300 BCE) Clay, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Internet](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/internet/index.html.md): Networks joined through shared protocols (c. 1972) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Printing Press](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/printing-press/index.html.md): Movable type, copied by the thousand (c. 1440) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Lead ore, Livestock, Plant oil, Olives, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Steam Engine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/steam-engine/index.html.md): Heat turned into motion (1712) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Stone Tools](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/stone-tools/index.html.md): The first cutting edge (3.3 million years ago) Flint, Stone - [Semiconductor image sensor](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/image-sensor/index.html.md): Turning light into electrical signals (c. 1963) Bauxite, Borax, Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Fluorite, Germanium, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Phosphate rock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Coinage](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/coinage/index.html.md): Stamped metal, trusted value (c. 650 BCE) Clay, Electrum, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Drinking Water](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/drinking-water/index.html.md): Draw, settle, filter, boil (c. 8,400 BCE) Clay, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Integrated circuit](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/integrated-circuit/index.html.md): Components and connections on a chip (1949) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Wheel & Axle](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/wheel/index.html.md): Rolling instead of dragging (c. 3,500 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Animal domestication](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/animal-domestication/index.html.md): Breeding wild animals into herds (15,800 years ago) Livestock - [Hygiene & Antisepsis](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/antisepsis/index.html.md): Stopping the spread of germs (1847) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Automobile](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/automobile/index.html.md): An engine, wheels and the controls to manage them (1886) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Rubber latex, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Sulfur, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Braille](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/braille/index.html.md): Reading with the fingers (c. 1825) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Computer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/computer/index.html.md): A machine with its program in memory (1948) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Electric Generator](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/generator/index.html.md): Motion turned into current (1831) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Iron Smelting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/iron-smelting/index.html.md): Wider adoption around 1200 BCE; ore, charcoal and a bloomery (c. 1,200 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Irrigation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/irrigation/index.html.md): Leading water to the crops (c. 6,000 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Penicillin](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/penicillin/index.html.md): An antibiotic made by a mould (1928) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Plough](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/plough/index.html.md): Opening the soil for seed (c. 5,000 BCE) Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Positional Numerals](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/positional-numerals/index.html.md): Digits worth what their place says (c. 2,050 BCE) Clay, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Vaccination](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/vaccination/index.html.md): Teaching the body in advance (1796) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Granaries](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/grain-storage/index.html.md): Keeping the harvest dry (c. 9,300 BCE) Clay, Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Anaesthesia](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/anaesthesia/index.html.md): Surgery without pain or awareness (1846) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Bound book](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bound-codex/index.html.md): Folded sheets held together by sewing (c. 100) Bone and antler, Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Electric Motor](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/electric-motor/index.html.md): Current turned into rotation (1834) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Lathe and screw thread](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/lathe/index.html.md): The machine that makes machines (c. 1800) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Reinforced Concrete](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/reinforced-concrete/index.html.md): Steel for tension, concrete for compression (c. 1848) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Gypsum, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Volcanic ash, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Steam Turbine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/steam-turbine/index.html.md): Steam spinning the world's generators (1884) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Steel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/steel/index.html.md): Iron with just enough carbon (c. 1,000 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [World Wide Web](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/web/index.html.md): Documents joined by addresses and links (1989) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Windmill](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/windmill/index.html.md): Wind turned into flour (c. 900) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Blood transfusion](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/blood-transfusion/index.html.md): Giving blood from one person to another, safely matched (1667) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Crop Rotation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/crop-rotation/index.html.md): Keeping fields fertile year after year (c. 700 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Flash memory](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/flash-memory/index.html.md): Stored charge and erasure in groups (c. 1980) Borax, Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Phosphate rock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Harvest and threshing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/harvest/index.html.md): From standing wheat to stored grain (15,000 years ago) Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Oral rehydration](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/oral-rehydration/index.html.md): Salt, sugar and water against cholera (1968) Clay, Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Potash (sylvite), Salt, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Rammed earth](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rammed-earth/index.html.md): Earth compacted between formwork panels (c. 4,000 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Road construction](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/road-construction/index.html.md): Carrying traffic on layers of stone (c. 4,630 BCE) Flint, Stone - [Seed selection and saving](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/seed-saving/index.html.md): Choosing plants, keeping the next crop alive (c. 8,500 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Sewers and sanitation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sewerage/index.html.md): Keeping waste away from water (c. 2,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Limestone, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Transformer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/transformer/index.html.md): Raising and lowering the voltage (1885) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Water Turbine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-turbine/index.html.md): Falling water turned into electricity (1827) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Aeroplane](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/airplane/index.html.md): Lift, thrust and control (1903) Bamboo, Bauxite, Birch bark, Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Fluorite, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Internal Combustion Engine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/combustion-engine/index.html.md): Small explosions, steady power (1876) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Copper Smelting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/copper-smelting/index.html.md): Copper won from ore with charcoal and a blast of air (c. 5,000 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Gears](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/gear/index.html.md): Teeth that trade speed for force (c. 350 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Hut](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hut/index.html.md): A frame of branches under a covering of leaves and grass (23,000 years ago) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Measures and standards](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/measures-and-standards/index.html.md): The cubit, the balance and the metre (c. 3,000 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Paper](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/paper/index.html.md): A cheap surface for memory (c. 150 BCE) Clay, Plant fibre, Water, Wood - [Portland Cement](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/portland-cement/index.html.md): The binder that hardens under water (1824) Clay, Coal, Flint, Gypsum, Limestone, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Volcanic ash, Water, Wood - [Rope & Cordage](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rope/index.html.md): Twisted fibres that hold the world (46,000 years ago) Plant fibre - [Synthetic plastics](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/synthetic-plastics/index.html.md): Materials built from long molecules made in chemical plants (1907) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Transistor](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/transistor/index.html.md): A switch without moving parts (1947) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Water Wheel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-wheel/index.html.md): A river turned into work (c. 300 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Weaving](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/weaving/index.html.md): Threads crossed into cloth (c. 6,700 BCE) Plant fibre, Wood - [Wind Turbine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/wind-turbine/index.html.md): Wind turned into electricity (1887) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Rubber latex, Lead ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Sulfur, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Needle and hand sewing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/needle-and-hand-sewing/index.html.md): A polished eye carries the thread (40,000 years ago) Bone and antler, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Stethoscope](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/stethoscope/index.html.md): Carrying sound through a hollow tube (1816) Clay, Plant fibre, Water, Wood - [Arch and Vault](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/arch/index.html.md): Stones that hold each other up (c. 3,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Bellows](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bellows/index.html.md): Moving air with a flexible chamber (c. 2,100 BCE) Clay, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Paddy rice cultivation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/paddy-rice-cultivation/index.html.md): Rice grown in level, bunded, flooded fields (c. 6,200 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Quarantine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/quarantine/index.html.md): Keeping apart those who may carry a disease until it would have shown (1374) Clay, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Quipu](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/quipu/index.html.md): Accounts tied into cords (c. 2,500 BCE) Plant fibre - [Transformer architecture](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/transformer-network/index.html.md): Weighting relationships within a sequence (2017) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Aluminium](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/aluminium/index.html.md): Alumina turned into metal by electricity (1886) Bauxite, Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Fluorite, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Ball bearing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/ball-bearing/index.html.md): Consistent balls for industrial rotation (1883) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Battery](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/battery/index.html.md): Chemistry that pushes a current (1800) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Bread](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bread/index.html.md): Ground grain, water and heat (14,400 years ago) Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Canning & Pasteurisation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/canning/index.html.md): Seal, heat, keep the microbes out (1810) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Magnetic Compass](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/compass/index.html.md): A needle that points north (c. 1088) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Lodestone, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Drilling machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/drill/index.html.md): Turning a bit and feeding it into the work (c. 1430) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Incandescent Light Bulb](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/light-bulb/index.html.md): A glowing filament in a vacuum (1879) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Splints and casts](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/orthopaedic-immobilization/index.html.md): Holding a broken bone still while it heals (c. 2,450 BCE) Flax, Gypsum, Plant fibre, Water, Wood - [Pottery](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pottery/index.html.md): Clay turned to stone by fire (20,000 years ago) Clay, Water, Wood - [Querns and grinding](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/quern/index.html.md): A stationary stone and a handstone turn grain into meal (23,000 years ago) Flint, Grain, Stone - [Radio](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/radio/index.html.md): Messages without wires (c. 1895) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Railway track and points](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/railway-track/index.html.md): Rails that guide the wheels, and switches that choose the way (c. 600 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Sail](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sail/index.html.md): Catching the wind to move a boat (c. 5,000 BCE) Bone and antler, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Steam Locomotive](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/steam-locomotive/index.html.md): Steam power on rails (1804) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Surgical instruments](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/surgical-instruments/index.html.md): Tools to cut, grasp, explore and stop bleeding (c. 1,750 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Surveying and maps](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/surveying/index.html.md): Land measured and drawn to scale (c. 2,100 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Timber framing and joinery](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/timber-framing/index.html.md): Beams locked by joints and pegs (c. 5,255 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Vernier scale](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/vernier/index.html.md): Reading between divisions (1631) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Woodblock printing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/woodblock-printing/index.html.md): A carved block that repeats a page (c. 650) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Frame saw](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/frame-saw/index.html.md): A thin blade held in tension (c. 79) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Glues and bonding](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/adhesives/index.html.md): Joining materials through adhesion (200,000 years ago) Birch bark, Flint, Stone, Wood - [Celestial Navigation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/celestial-navigation/index.html.md): A ship's position read from the sky (c. 1460) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Lodestone, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Distillation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/distillation/index.html.md): Separating liquids by boiling and condensing (c. 300) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Lime and lime mortar](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/lime-mortar/index.html.md): Burnt stone that turns back to stone (12,000 years ago) Flint, Limestone, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Medical protective equipment](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/medical-protective-equipment/index.html.md): Gowns, masks and gloves that keep infection away from those who give care (1656) Bone and antler, Clay, Flint, Limestone, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Milling machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/milling-machine/index.html.md): A turning cutter and a moving table (1575) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Piston Pump](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/piston-pump/index.html.md): Water raised by valve and piston (c. 270 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Roofing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/roofing/index.html.md): Shedding rain with overlapping tiles (c. 2,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Seed Drill](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/seed-drill/index.html.md): Sowing seed in rows at an even depth (c. 2,400 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Solar cell](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/solar-cell/index.html.md): Sunlight turned into current (1954) Borax, Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Phosphate rock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Surgical sutures](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/surgical-sutures/index.html.md): Closing a wound with needle and thread (c. 1,600 BCE) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flax, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Ultrasound imaging](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/ultrasound-imaging/index.html.md): Seeing inside the body with echoes (1948) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Grafting and cuttings](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/grafting-and-cuttings/index.html.md): Keeping varieties through living stems (c. 3,500 BCE) Flint, Grain, Living plant material, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Plain bearing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/plain-bearing/index.html.md): A shaft turning on a film of lubricant (c. 4,700 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Sternpost rudder and hull](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sternpost-rudder/index.html.md): Holding a course, keeping the sea out (c. 1180) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Bricks](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bricks/index.html.md): Standard blocks of earth (c. 7,500 BCE) Clay, Water, Wood - [Bronze](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bronze/index.html.md): Copper and tin, harder together (c. 3,300 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Charcoal](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/charcoal/index.html.md): Wood cooked slowly under earth (c. 4,500 BCE) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Hydraulic press](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hydraulic-press/index.html.md): Multiplying force with water (1795) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Neonatal incubator](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/neonatal-incubator/index.html.md): A warm, closed box for babies born too early (1835) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Oil and fat lamp](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/oil-lamp/index.html.md): A wick feeds a small flame from a liquid fuel reserve (20,000 years ago) Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Wood - [Oil press](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/oil-press/index.html.md): Crush, press and separate (c. 3,300 BCE) Clay, Flint, Olives, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Telephone](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/telephone/index.html.md): A voice carried down a wire (1876) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Writing ink](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/writing-ink/index.html.md): Colour carried onto a surface (c. 3,300 BCE) Plant gum (gum arabic), Water, Wood - [Dugout canoe](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dugout-canoe/index.html.md): A boat hollowed from a single trunk (c. 8,000 BCE) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Fishing nets and traps](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fishing-nets-and-traps/index.html.md): Knotted mesh and inward funnels (c. 8,300 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Paint](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/paint/index.html.md): Coloured grains held in a binder (100,000 years ago) Eggs, Flint, Ochre and earth pigments, Stone, Water, Wood - [Terrace farming](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/terrace-farming/index.html.md): Level fields built up a slope (c. 6,000 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Wheelbarrow](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/wheelbarrow/index.html.md): Sharing the weight with a wheel (c. 120) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Flywheel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/flywheel/index.html.md): Storing motion in a heavy turning wheel (12,000 years ago) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Gyroscope](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/gyroscope/index.html.md): A spinning rotor that holds its direction (1810) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Horse Collar](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/horse-collar/index.html.md): The horse pulls with its shoulders (c. 480) Bone and antler, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Lead-Acid Battery](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/lead-acid-battery/index.html.md): Electricity kept in lead and acid (1859) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Rubber latex, Lead ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Sulfur, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Phonograph](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/phonograph/index.html.md): Writing sound into a groove and reading it back (1877) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Rolling Mill](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rolling-mill/index.html.md): Two rolls turning in opposite directions that squeeze metal thinner and longer (c. 1497) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Shoemaking](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/shoemaking/index.html.md): From bark sandals to shoes built on a last (c. 8,500 BCE) Bone and antler, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Spear and leister](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/spear/index.html.md): A point at the end of a shaft (400,000 years ago) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Thermometer and barometer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/thermometer/index.html.md): Temperature and air pressure read on glass (c. 1654) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Threshing machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/threshing-machine/index.html.md): Beating the grain out with a spinning drum (1734) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Drawing iron wire by hand](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/wire-drawing/index.html.md): A steel drawplate and tongs turn soft iron rods into wire (c. 1100) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Basketry](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/basketry/index.html.md): An esparto basket in two-strand twining (c. 7,500 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water - [Canal lock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/canal-lock/index.html.md): A water staircase for boats (984) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Centrifugal governor](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/centrifugal-governor/index.html.md): Holding a machine's speed with spinning weights (1787) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Fishing rod and hook](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fishing-rod-and-hook/index.html.md): A baited point at the end of a line (23,000 years ago) Bone and antler, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Glass](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/glass/index.html.md): Melted sand you can see through (c. 2,500 BCE) Clay, Limestone, Sand, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Harrow](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/harrow/index.html.md): Teeth dragged over ploughed ground to break the clods (c. 2,400 BCE) Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Jacquard loom](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/jacquard-loom/index.html.md): Punched cards choose the warp threads (1804) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Leather Tanning](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/leather-tanning/index.html.md): Raw hide, oak bark and months in pits (c. 1,500 BCE) Flint, Livestock, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Mechanical Clock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/mechanical-clock/index.html.md): Time cut into equal beats (c. 1300) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Microscope](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/microscope/index.html.md): A world too small to see (c. 1590) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Obstetric forceps](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/obstetric-forceps/index.html.md): Two curved blades that cradle a baby's head in a difficult birth (c. 1630) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Pencil](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pencil/index.html.md): A solid mark in a wooden grip (1565) Birch bark, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Graphite, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Resistor and rheostat](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/resistor/index.html.md): Opposing a current by a known amount (1840) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Roman Concrete](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/roman-concrete/index.html.md): Lime, volcanic ash and rubble (c. 200 BCE) Clay, Flint, Limestone, Sand, Stone, Volcanic ash, Water, Wood - [Rotor cipher machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rotor-cipher-machine/index.html.md): Wired discs that change the alphabet at every letter (1915) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Salting & Curing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/salt-preservation/index.html.md): Drawing water out to stop decay (c. 6,050 BCE) Clay, Salt, Water, Wood - [Sand Casting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sand-casting/index.html.md): A mould packed round a pattern, used once and broken up (c. 500) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Soap](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/soap/index.html.md): Fat and ash against germs (c. 2,800 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Submarine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/submarine/index.html.md): A boat that sinks and rises at will (c. 1620) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Electric Telegraph](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/telegraph/index.html.md): Written messages sent along a wire (1837) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Telescope](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/telescope/index.html.md): Bringing the distant close (1608) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Water electrolysis](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-electrolysis/index.html.md): Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen with a current (1789) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Candle](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/candle/index.html.md): A wick that feeds on its own solid fuel (c. 550 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Drum](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/drum/index.html.md): A stretched skin struck over a hollow body (c. 3,600 BCE) Clay, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Water, Wood - [Logarithms and the slide rule](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/slide-rule/index.html.md): Multiplying by adding two lengths (c. 1622) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Lead ore, Livestock, Plant oil, Olives, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Toothbrush](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/toothbrush/index.html.md): Scrubbing the teeth with fibres, from chewed twigs to bristles (c. 100 BCE) Animal hair and bristle, Birch bark, Bone and antler, Eggs, Feathers, Flint, Ochre and earth pigments, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Composting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/biowaste-composting/index.html.md): Letting waste rot in air into food for the soil (c. 160 BCE) Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Frame beehive](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/frame-beehive/index.html.md): Movable frames spaced to the bees' own measure (1851) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Honeybees, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Hydrogen fuel cell](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hydrogen-fuel-cell/index.html.md): Electricity from hydrogen and oxygen (1838) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Line shaft](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/line-shaft/index.html.md): One engine, many machines, through shafts and belts (1167) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Staff notation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/staff-notation/index.html.md): Pitch and duration written on lines (c. 900) Clay, Flint, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Water, Wood - [Tuning fork](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/tuning-fork/index.html.md): A pitch held in vibrating steel (1711) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Aqueduct](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/aqueduct/index.html.md): Water carried by gravity alone (c. 690 BCE) Clay, Flint, Limestone, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood - [Conway’s Game of Life](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/conways-game-of-life/index.html.md): Patterns from a local rule (1970) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Germanium, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Flutes](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/flute/index.html.md): Finger holes and separate pipes (42,000 years ago) Bamboo, Bone and antler, Flint, Stone - [Horseshoe](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/horseshoe/index.html.md): An iron rim nailed to the hoof (826) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Lighthouse](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/lighthouse/index.html.md): A tower and a turning light that mariners can name (c. 550 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Limestone, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Papyrus making](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/papyrus/index.html.md): Pith strips pressed into a writing sheet (c. 3,000 BCE) Flint, Papyrus stalks, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Sugar making](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sugar-refining/index.html.md): From sweet juice to crystals (c. 50) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Sugar cane, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Tin Smelting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/tin-smelting/index.html.md): Heavy black ore washed, then reduced with charcoal (c. 3,000 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [X-Ray Imaging](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/x-ray/index.html.md): Seeing through the body (1895) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Silver ore, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Hourglass](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hourglass/index.html.md): Measuring time with falling grains (c. 1338) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Hydroponics](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hydroponics/index.html.md): Growing plants with their roots in a nutrient solution (1860) Clay, Limestone, Phosphate rock, Potash (sylvite), Sand, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Abrasive drilling and sawing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/abrasive-machining/index.html.md): Cutting stone with sand (c. 7,000 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water - [Anaerobic digestion and biogas](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/anaerobic-digestion/index.html.md): Fuel gas from waste that rots without air (c. 1895) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Bimetallic thermostat](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bimetallic-thermostat/index.html.md): Holding a temperature with a strip that bends (1782) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Dental fillings](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dental-restorative-materials/index.html.md): Closing a hollowed tooth with a material that sets in place (13,000 years ago) Birch bark, Copper ore, Flint, Petroleum, Silver ore, Stone, Tin ore, Wood - [Obstetric vacuum extractor](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/obstetric-vacuum-extractor/index.html.md): A suction cup that helps draw out a baby's head (c. 1706) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Paper recycling](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/paper-recycling/index.html.md): Pulping used paper into new sheets (c. 1000) Clay, Plant fibre, Water, Wood - [Pipe organ](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pipe-organ/index.html.md): Steady wind, keys and tuned pipes (c. 250 BCE) Bamboo, Birch bark, Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Typewriter](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/typewriter/index.html.md): Printing letters one keystroke at a time (c. 1808) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Winemaking](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/winemaking/index.html.md): Turning grapes into wine by fermentation (c. 6,000 BCE) Clay, Grapes, Water, Wood - [Bow & Arrow](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bow-and-arrow/index.html.md): Stored energy released at a distance (64,000 years ago) Birch bark, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Cable-stayed bridge](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cable-stayed-bridge/index.html.md): A deck hung from towers by straight stays (1784) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cipher disc](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cipher-disc/index.html.md): Two turning alphabets that change the key (c. 1466) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cotton gin](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cotton-gin/index.html.md): Pulling the fibre off the seed (c. 500) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Crane & Pulley](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/crane/index.html.md): Lifting more than you weigh (c. 515 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Dental drill](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dental-drill/index.html.md): Spinning a small cutter fast enough to carve into a tooth (c. 5,000 BCE) Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Flax processing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/flax-processing/index.html.md): From retted stems to fibre for linen (c. 8,000 BCE) Flax, Plant fibre, Water - [Fountain pen](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fountain-pen/index.html.md): A pen that carries its own ink (c. 1620) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Koji fermentation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/koji-fermentation/index.html.md): Growing a mould on cooked grain so that its enzymes ferment food (c. 8,000 BCE) Clay, Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Photography](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/photography/index.html.md): Light that leaves a trace (c. 1827) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Silver ore, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Playing cards](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/playing-cards/index.html.md): A pack of suits and ranks with identical backs (1294) Birch bark, Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Water, Wood - [Refrigeration](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/refrigeration/index.html.md): Pumping heat out of a box (1834) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Sword](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sword/index.html.md): A long blade fixed to a hilt (c. 3,300 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Torch](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/torch/index.html.md): A bundle of burning wood carried by hand (30,000 years ago) Birch bark, Flint, Stone, Wood - [Water clock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-clock/index.html.md): Measuring time with flowing water (c. 1,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Cofferdam](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cofferdam/index.html.md): Building on a riverbed pumped dry (c. 25 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Dental prostheses and implants](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dental-prosthetics/index.html.md): Replacing lost teeth with crowns, bridges and anchors in the bone (c. 630 BCE) Birch bark, Copper ore, Flint, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Silver ore, Stone, Tin ore, Wood - [Gaming dice](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dice/index.html.md): Marked faces for a draw left to chance (c. 2,800 BCE) Bone and antler, Flint, Stone, Wood - [Igloo](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/igloo/index.html.md): A vault of snow blocks laid in a spiral (c. 500 BCE) Bone and antler, Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Kite](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/kite/index.html.md): A wing held on a line (549) Bamboo, Birch bark, Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Solar power tower](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/solar-power-tower/index.html.md): A field of mirrors that heats a boiler at the top of a tower (c. 1965) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Electric soldering iron](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/soldering-iron/index.html.md): Joining wires and parts with molten tin (1880) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Water tap](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-tap/index.html.md): Opening and shutting a flow of water by hand (c. 40) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Bicycle](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bicycle/index.html.md): Two wheels driven by the legs (1817) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cheese](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cheese/index.html.md): Milk that keeps for months (c. 5,500 BCE) Clay, Livestock, Milk, Salt, Water, Wood - [Chess](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/chess/index.html.md): A battle of pieces with different moves (c. 600) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Coffee processing and roasting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/coffee-processing/index.html.md): From red cherry to roasted bean (c. 1450) Clay, Coffee cherries, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Crossbow](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/crossbow/index.html.md): A bow held drawn by a trigger lock (c. 550 BCE) Birch bark, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Dyeing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/dyeing/index.html.md): Colour fixed in the fibre (c. 4,200 BCE) Clay, Plant fibre, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Eyeglasses](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/eyeglasses/index.html.md): Lenses that extend a working life (c. 1286) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Food smoking](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/food-smoking/index.html.md): Drying and flavouring food in wood smoke (c. 160 BCE) Clay, Salt, Water, Wood - [Fresnel lens](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fresnel-lens/index.html.md): A thin lens made of concentric steps of glass (1748) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Gelatin production](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/gelatin-production/index.html.md): Dissolving the collagen of skin and bone in hot water, then setting and drying it (c. 8,430 BCE) Livestock, Water, Wood - [Instant noodles](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/instant-noodles/index.html.md): Noodles cooked in steam, dried in hot oil or air, softened again by hot water (1958) Clay, Flint, Grain, Olives, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Water, Wood - [Jeans](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/jeans/index.html.md): Riveted work trousers of indigo twill (c. 1870) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Nautical knots](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/nautical-knots/index.html.md): Loops, hitches and bends that hold a ship's ropes (c. 2,566 BCE) Plant fibre - [Paintbrush](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/paintbrush/index.html.md): A tuft of hair that carries paint (c. 4,000 BCE) Animal hair and bristle, Birch bark, Eggs, Feathers, Flint, Ochre and earth pigments, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Pigeon post](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pigeon-post/index.html.md): Messages carried home by homing pigeons (43 BCE) Clay, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Railway air brake](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/railway-air-brake/index.html.md): Brakes on every car, worked by air from the locomotive (1848) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Rubber latex, Livestock, Stone, Sulfur, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Safety lamp](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/safety-lamp/index.html.md): A flame caged in wire gauze for gassy mines (1813) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Saxophone](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/saxophone/index.html.md): A single reed on a conical brass tube (1841) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Sericulture](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sericulture/index.html.md): Raising silkworms and reeling silk (c. 3,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Mulberry leaves, Plant fibre, Silkworms, Stone, Water, Wood - [Sheet-metal shear](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sheet-metal-shear/index.html.md): A straight blade sliding past a fixed one (1843) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Spinning Wheel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/spinning-wheel/index.html.md): Fibre into thread, faster (c. 1000) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Tea processing](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/tea-processing/index.html.md): Turning fresh leaves into green, black or white tea (c. 141 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tea leaves, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Tipi](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/tipi/index.html.md): A cone of poles under a cover of sewn hides (c. 2,500 BCE) Bone and antler, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Turning grille cipher](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/turning-grille-cipher/index.html.md): Letters rearranged through a rotating mask (c. 1745) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Underfloor heating](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/underfloor-heating/index.html.md): Warming a room from the floor up (c. 300 BCE) Clay, Water, Wood - [Waste sorting](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/waste-sorting/index.html.md): Screens, magnets and air jets on the belt (c. 1876) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Wired circuit board](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/wired-circuit-board/index.html.md): Parts screwed to a board and joined by wires (c. 1905) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Zipper](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/zipper/index.html.md): Two rows of teeth locked and unlocked by a slider (1891) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cavity wall](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cavity-wall/index.html.md): Two leaves of masonry with air between (c. 25 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Tofu](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/tofu/index.html.md): Soy milk set into a block (c. 965) Clay, Flint, Grain, Gypsum, Plant fibre, Soybeans, Stone, Water, Wood - [Chocolate making](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/chocolate-making/index.html.md): From fermented seed to chocolate (c. 3,300 BCE) Cacao beans, Clay, Flint, Grain, Stone, Water, Wood - [Mancala](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/mancala/index.html.md): Sowing seeds round a board of pits (c. 600) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Oyster farming](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/oyster-farming/index.html.md): Catching young oysters and raising them (c. 95 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Wild shellfish, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Alarm clock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/alarm-clock/index.html.md): A signal set to sound at a chosen hour (c. 270 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Automatic railway coupler](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/automatic-railway-coupler/index.html.md): Cars that couple by bumping together (1847) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Beer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/beer/index.html.md): Grain sugars fermented into alcohol (c. 3,500 BCE) Clay, Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Beverage carbonation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/beverage-carbonation/index.html.md): Forcing carbon dioxide into water so that it sparkles when the bottle is opened (1750) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Body Armour](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/body-armor/index.html.md): Scales, mail, plate and fibre to stop a blow (c. 2,100 BCE) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Go](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/go-game/index.html.md): Surrounding territory with stones (c. 400 BCE) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Hydraulic manipulator arm](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hydraulic-manipulator/index.html.md): Joints moved by oil under pressure (1947) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Jet pump](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/jet-pump/index.html.md): A fast jet that drags another fluid along, with no moving parts (c. 1589) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Molten salt thermal storage](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/molten-salt-thermal-storage/index.html.md): Solar heat kept in tanks of hot salt for the night (1983) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Music box](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/music-box/index.html.md): A pinned cylinder plucking a steel comb (c. 1770) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Potter's Wheel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/potters-wheel/index.html.md): Shaping clay by rotation (c. 4,000 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Steam bath](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/steam-bath/index.html.md): Sweating in a room of hot stones and steam (c. 1,000 BCE) Stone, Water, Wood - [Textile recycling](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/textile-recycling/index.html.md): Tearing worn cloth back into fibre (c. 1813) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Trebuchet](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/trebuchet/index.html.md): A falling weight that hurls stones (c. 1180) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Vulcanised Rubber](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/vulcanized-rubber/index.html.md): Sap made tough with sulphur (1839) Rubber latex, Sulfur, Wood - [Cooling tower](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cooling-tower/index.html.md): Condenser water cooled by letting a little of it evaporate (1894) Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Flint, Gypsum, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Volcanic ash, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Hydrometer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hydrometer/index.html.md): Reading density from a float (c. 400) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Lead ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Sitar](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sitar/index.html.md): Gourd, movable frets and sympathetic strings (c. 1740) Birch bark, Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Gourd, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Book cipher](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/book-cipher/index.html.md): Secret letters keyed to a printed book (1557) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Lead ore, Livestock, Plant oil, Olives, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Combination lock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/combination-lock/index.html.md): Opening by setting discs, not by turning a key (1197) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Continuous track](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/continuous-track/index.html.md): A road that the vehicle lays down and picks up again (1770) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cloth adhesive tape](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/duct-tape/index.html.md): From rubber plaster to duct tape (1845) Birch bark, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Rubber latex, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Fishing reel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fishing-reel/index.html.md): Storing and winding line on a spool (c. 870) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Gear pump](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/gear-pump/index.html.md): Liquid carried between meshing teeth (1602) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Headphones](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/headphones/index.html.md): Two electric receivers held to the ears for listening alone (1879) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Hot-Air Balloon](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/hot-air-balloon/index.html.md): Rising on warm air (1783) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Jaw harp](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/jaw-harp/index.html.md): A plucked tongue sounded through the mouth (c. 2,000 BCE) Bamboo, Bone and antler, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone - [Perfume extraction](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/perfume-extraction/index.html.md): Capturing the scent of flowers (c. 2,400 BCE) Fragrant flowers and aromatic plants, Clay, Flint, Limestone, Livestock, Olives, Plant fibre, Sand, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Poker](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/poker/index.html.md): Betting on a hidden hand of five cards (c. 1829) Birch bark, Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Plant gum (gum arabic), Stone, Water, Wood - [Rotary converter](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rotary-converter/index.html.md): Turning alternating current into direct current with one machine (1887) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Scarecrow](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/scarecrow/index.html.md): A human figure that keeps birds off the crop (c. 200 BCE) Flint, Grain, Legume seed, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Self-climbing tower crane](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/self-climbing-tower-crane/index.html.md): A crane that adds sections to its own mast (c. 1955) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Sewing Machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sewing-machine/index.html.md): A thousand stitches a minute (1830) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Stroboscopic animation](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/stroboscopic-animation/index.html.md): Making drawings move with slits and flashes (1832) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Sundial](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/sundial/index.html.md): Telling time with a shadow (c. 1,450 BCE) Clay, Flint, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Torsion Catapult](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/torsion-catapult/index.html.md): Artillery powered by twisted sinew rope (c. 330 BCE) Birch bark, Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Vertical greenhouse](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/vertical-greenhouse/index.html.md): A glass tower that carries its plants up and down on moving trays (1963) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Phosphate rock, Plant fibre, Potash (sylvite), Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Berimbau](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/berimbau/index.html.md): A struck bow with a gourd against the belly (c. 1814) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Gourd, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Nine men's morris](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/nine-mens-morris/index.html.md): Making mills on a board of three squares (c. 250) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Autogyro](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/autogyro/index.html.md): A rotor turned by the wind of flight, and a propeller to pull it along (1923) Bamboo, Bauxite, Birch bark, Clay, Coal, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Fluorite, Grain, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Petroleum, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Camouflage](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/camouflage/index.html.md): Paint and patterns that make an object hard to see (c. 390) Eggs, Flint, Ochre and earth pigments, Stone, Water, Wood - [Coffee pulper](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/coffee-depulper/index.html.md): A rasping roller that strips the skin and pulp from fresh coffee cherries (1765) Clay, Coffee cherries, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Horn working](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/horn-working/index.html.md): Softening horn with heat and pressing it into shape (c. 3,700 BCE) Clay, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Water, Wood - [Lock & Key](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/lock-and-key/index.html.md): A bolt that only its key frees (c. 700 BCE) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Hand mincer and grater](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/manual-food-grinder/index.html.md): A crank-driven screw that cuts food at a perforated plate (1845) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Multitool](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/multitool/index.html.md): Several tools folding into one handle (c. 250) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Mycelium materials](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/mycelium-materials/index.html.md): Plant waste bound into solid shapes by a growing fungus (1991) Flint, Grain, Plant fibre, Stone, Wood - [Pearl culture](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pearl-culture/index.html.md): Making molluscs grow pearls (c. 1080) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Sand, Wild shellfish, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Rotary mercury vacuum pump](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/rotary-mercury-vacuum-pump/index.html.md): Emptying lamps with a drum turning in mercury (1893) Cinnabar (mercury ore), Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [War hammer and mace](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/war-hammer-and-mace/index.html.md): A heavy head at the end of a short shaft (c. 9,500 BCE) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Bagh chal](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bagh-chal/index.html.md): Four tigers hunting twenty goats (1933) Flint, Stone, Wood - [Battering Ram](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/battering-ram/index.html.md): A swinging beam against gates and walls (c. 2,400 BCE) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Cotton candy machine](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/cotton-candy-machine/index.html.md): A spinning head that flings melted sugar out into threads of sugar glass (1897) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Livestock, Stone, Sugar cane, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Siege Tower](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/siege-tower/index.html.md): A moving timber tower to reach the walls (c. 1,780 BCE) Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Water, Wood - [Ultrasonic humidifier](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/ultrasonic-humidifier/index.html.md): Cool mist torn from water by sound (1951) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Windsock](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/windsock/index.html.md): Showing where the wind comes from (1917) Bone and antler, Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Bicycle bell](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/bicycle-bell/index.html.md): A struck dome that warns the way ahead (1879) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Eccentric-mass vibrator](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/eccentric-motor-vibrator/index.html.md): Shaking with an off-centre weight (c. 1904) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Rubber latex, Limestone, Livestock, Plant fibre, Salt, Sand, Stone, Sulfur, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash, Zinc ore - [Fly trap](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/fly-trap/index.html.md): A narrow entrance into a glass chamber (c. 1800) Clay, Limestone, Sand, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Pedal boat](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/pedal-boat/index.html.md): A boat driven by the legs of its crew (c. 784) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Water scarer](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/water-scarecrow/index.html.md): A bamboo tube that fills, tips and knocks on a stone (1305) Bamboo, Clay, Animal fat, Flint, Stone, Water, Wood - [Caxixi](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/caxixi/index.html.md): A woven rattle with a gourd base (c. 1860) Flint, Gourd, Plant fibre, Stone, Water - [Military flail](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/military-flail/index.html.md): A striking head on a flexible joint (c. 600) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Grain, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Current-powered cable boat](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/current-powered-cable-boat/index.html.md): A boat that winds itself upstream with the river's own force (c. 1440) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Grain, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Shuriken](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/shuriken/index.html.md): Small Japanese blades made to be thrown (c. 1602) Clay, Copper ore, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash - [Monowheel](https://lastcodex.org/en/inventions/monowheel/index.html.md): A vehicle that rides inside its single wheel (1869) Clay, Copper ore, Animal fat, Flint, Iron ore, Livestock, Plant fibre, Stone, Tin ore, Water, Wood, Wood ash --- The Last Codex · CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)